A recent systematic review and meta-analysis of 21 randomized, placebo-controlled trials examining the effect of B-vitamin supplementation found the supplementation decreased homocysteine concentrations and improved measures global cognitive function but had no effect on individual measures of executive function, information processing speed, or episodic memory (89)
Factors contributing to this decline include: Increased activity of NAD+-consuming enzymes (like PARPs, which work overtime to repair accumulated DNA damage)
A review published in the journal Cell Biochemistry & Function gives a nice overview
Inadequate levels of GSH can elevate oxidative stress, resulting in increased inflammatory markers like TNF-, disruption of enzyme and protein function, and insulin resistance [10,11,44,66,67]
For example, exposure to artificial lighting from hospital recovery units is a major issue (Korompeli et al., 2017)
Recently, it has been demonstrated that supplemental vitamin B12 regulates hyperinflammation during moderate and severe COVID-19 through methyl-dependent epigenetic mechanisms
